Thea Hassans An Ethic of Care Critique Response free essay sample

In Thea Hassan’s â€Å"An Ethic of Care Critique† Hassan aims to show how Nel Nodding’s proposed â€Å"An Ethic of Caring†, while it is beneficial to most general ethic guidelines, is not an appropriate ethical theory for feminism. In her article, Hassan claims that Nel Nodding’s example of ethics of care encourages traditional gender roles of women, ignores other important virtues besides care, and inhibits a person from becoming autonomous, a term defined as â€Å"state of existing or acting separately from others. With feminisms goal of equality; aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women, to be on the same playing field, if you will, with men, Hassan has a strong argument to show how Nodding’s proposed ethics is inadequate for feminism. A huge factor in the feminist movement is the idea of equal roles. Hassan claims that care ethics actually reinforces the ideas of those traditional roles of women as the homemakers and caretakers. We will write a custom essay sample on Thea Hassans An Ethic of Care Critique Response or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hassan states that reinforcing such roles â€Å"the woman is caught in the role of a subservient person, caring for others but not herself†, giving them an obligation to care while forgetting one’s own needs. This prevents women from being equal with men, by making them more dependent of men as their provider, a role that is huge and encouraged for women to take up in feminism. Hassan claims that ethics of care not only prevent women from following their own, independent, morals, but how it ignores other virtues besides care. Three examples were used to make this point clear. The first was the wife who, in accordance with ethics of care, supported her K.K.K. husband. This act, which ethics of care would support, displaces the woman’s own values by supporting his, becoming evil herself. The other example was of a woman torn between her black friend and her racist family. According the ethics of care, the woman would have to side with her family, although it is wrong to treat another wrong because of the race. An equivalent example was if a woman’s husband is a homophobe and asks her to vote against same-sex marriage, under the theory of ethics of care, she is expected to do as he says in order to not break a caring relationship. These examples show how care should not be the only virtue of importance. Hassan refers to Jean Keller, who suggests that care ethics is undermining to women’s autonomy, does support her argument that Nodding’s ethic of care is not suitable for feminism. Hassan explains how care actually interrupts autonomy by interrupting a woman’s development of being  able to think on her own. This claim was much easier to prove. Nodding’s stated in her essay that one is expected to behave like the person they have experienced who cares the most. This completely prevents them from becoming their own person. Therefore, Nodding’s rejected the idea of autonomy. I have to say I do agree with Hassan. Yes, the ethic of care can be improved by additions of virtues like justice, and the idea of autonomy, however, in its current state; it is indeed unfit for feminism. My reason behind this is mainly because I see feminism being incredibly strong towards the idea that women should be autonomous and independent. The traditional gender roles Nodding’s suggested is one of the reason the feminist movement began. I can see where one could say that some women want it that way, and this is true. Like it has been discussed many times, there is not â€Å"Golden Rule† in ethics, at least not one we have discovered. Every person has separate views from other people, and from a hedonist standpoint, if some people prefer the â€Å"old days† then they should be able to live that way if it makes them happy and doesn’t hurt another human’s well-being. On terms of how it affects my thinking now, I must say I’m not entirely sure what to think of ethics of care anymore. When I first learned of it from our text book, I thought this was perhaps the greatest â€Å"theory† we have looked into to finding a universal code for morals, however, this paper opened my eyes to the little things, the flaws, of this approach toward females, and feminism. I am huge on the idea of equality, between men and woman. I believe that a woman role in a marriage is to support her husband, however I believe the same should be expected from the man in the relationship. I don’t see our world in its present moral code as a list of do’s and don’ts to come to a solution now. We live in the world of compromise; I can see that way more clearly now after seeing Hassan’s harsh support for her claims to preventing a woman’s autonomy.

Separation of Church and State

Separation of Church and State The separation of church and state is a fast growing issue of today. The beginning of the First Amendment says, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Separation of church and state is a miss-representation of the First Amendment intended to deceive those that can be easily deceived.In the past there has been numerous court cases dealing with separation of church and state. Each passing year it is miss-interpreted more and more by the Supreme Court. Our founding fathers never meant for this confusion to happen. One of the major factors to this is a misinterpreted letter by Thomas Jefferson. On January 1, 1802 Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter. Contained within this letter was Jefferson's concern with the Government breeching religious freedom and affairs of the church. In this letter Jefferson mentioned a wall of separation between church and state.This image was selected as a picture of the week o...Jefferson was saying that the legislature couldn't favor a specific religion or prohibit a specific exercise. No power over the freedom of religion is delegated to the United States by the Constitution .In 1804, bible reading and use of the bible was implemented in the first public schools in the District of Columbia. During this time Thomas Jefferson was president of the school board. Moral instructions created by Thomas Jefferson were included in the school curricular. There was even places in schools set aside for worship. This to was created by one of our founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson. In 1772 an essay called The Rights of the Colonist were widely circulated. A man named Samuel Adams wrote it.Many as the Father of the American Revolution knew him. Samuel Adams was one of the Singers of the Declaration of Independence. Not to mention that he makes a great...

Rational Choice Theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rational Choice Theory - Term Paper Example In criminology, it is employed to explain the criminal behavior. It assumes that the state is responsible for the maintenance of order and for preserving the common good through legislation. The laws control human behavior through swiftness, severity, and certainty of punishments (Phillips, 2011,7). The theory consists of 3 core elements: a reasoning criminal, crime-specific focus and separate analysis of criminal involvement and criminal event (Phillips, 2011, 4). The reasoning criminal element postulates that criminals commit crimes in order to benefit themselves. The element proposes that criminals have specific goals and alternative ways to achieve these goals. In addition, they hold information that assists them in choosing the best alternative to implement their goals. The element on crime specific focus assumes that decision making differs with the nature of a crime, that is, decision making is different for each crime. For instance, the decision making to commit a robbery differs with the decision making to commit burglaries, while the decision making by a burglar to target wealthy neighborhood, differs with the one to target middle class and public housing. The last element addresses three issues: deciding to get involved in a crime, continuing to get involved once one has decided to get involved, and the decision to withdraw from the commission of the crime. On the other hand, criminal event implies the decision to get involved with a specific crime.  

The Difference Between Efficiency And Effectiveness Essay

The Difference Between Efficiency And Effectiveness - Essay Example Performance is usually a measure of whether a target has been reached or not. In the case of effectiveness, performance is enhanced as it measures the degree to which an organization meets its target objectives, while efficiency measures that which are used in the achievement of the objectives. In both instances, there is no measure of performance and hence none is more important in such a perspective. Performance is mainly attributed towards the result rather than the process used in realizing the results. In an instance in which minimal resources are used and no objective is met then the performance is reduced, and additionally, if the target is not met regardless of the effectiveness of the process, the performance is low. One aspect of significant importance in both instances is that organizations, managers can improve both simultaneously. Managers usually work towards attaining certain goals for profitability while at the same working on minimizing the associated resources such as time and costs. It is evident that a manager can improve both efficiency and effectiveness simultaneously. In the current business world, numerous ethical issues are experienced ranging from simple to complex issues. One of the greatest issues is that of inversion of privacy, a contribution of technology and communication, which has become an integral part of organizations towards achieving their objectives. In order to understand an ethical issue, it is best to find out the moral obligation behind it.  

The Architecture of Zaha Hadid

The Architecture of Zaha Hadid All people owe to architecture which plays racy part in their life. Architecture is designing structures and outdoor spaces according to some main principles. Architecture provides settings for certain activities; remind people of what these activities are; signify power, status or privacy. Rapoport (1979, p. 17) wrote about architecture Architecture differentiates between here and there; men and woman; front and back; private and public; sacred and profane and habitable and inhabitable. The main function of architecture is to make certain that the parts of a system work together to meet the necessary needs of users. Architect has a vital role in architecture nowadays, since he/she is the main factor that makes architecture good or successful. The architect is the one who design and plan the structure of buildings. Frank Gehry, Hassan Fathy, Ignazio Gardella, Don Erickson and Frank Lloyd Wright are five of thousands of most famous architects of the world. Who is the most famous archi tect in Iraq in the 20th century? Zaha Hadid is the most famous Iraqi architect in the 20th century. According to Zaha Hadid , an examining of the investigate causes of her philosophy and life relating to architecture to reveal how they influenced the processes of her design projects and work. Zaha Hadid is a British Iraqi architect. She was born in 31 October 1950 in Bagdad, Iraq. She grew in a family, which was showing interest in architecture. Her parents took her to architectural exhibitions, such as Frank Lloyd Wrights exhibition at the Opera House in Bagdad. Due to the impact of her parents, Zaha became interested in architecture. She was reflecting deeply on the world around her when she was a child. She was studying mathematics; she figured a strong relationship between mathematics and architecture. Zahas parents encouraged her to study architecture. Oscar Niemeyer encouraged her too to complete her education in architecture. When she was asked about the reason of making her architect, Hadid (2008, p. 2) answered I became interested in architecture when, I remember vaguely; my parents took me to a Frank Lloyd Wright exhibition at the Opera House in Baghdad. I was around six years old and I remember seeing models and things. I think both my parents were interested i n architecture in an indirect way. She continued by saying As a child I also travelled with my family on a small boat to visit some of the villages within the marshes of southern Iraq, and the landscape was so beautiful. There was this amazing flow between the sand and the water and the wildlife that extended to incorporate the buildings and the people. What I am trying to do is capture that kind of seamlessness and flow in an urban context for the contemporary city and its users. Zaha M. Hadid: Biography (2001) discussed Zaha Hadids biography. Zaha Hadid studied mathematics in the American University of Beirut in Lebanon. After getting her degree in mathematics, she went to London to study Architecture in a college of Architecture there. She worked as a partner with her teachers in an office of architecture when she got a degree in architecture. Architect Peter Rice encouraged Zaha Hadid in the beginning of her career life, when she was facing difficulties of starting her own business. She started her own office in London in 1980. Also she worked as a teacher in many associations in London and other countries all over the world. Some good examples of these universities are; Harvard University, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Architecture, the Hochschule fà ¼r Bildende Kà ¼nste in Hamburg, the Knowlton School of Architecture, the Ohio State University, Columbia University, New York, the University of Applied Arts Vienna in Austria, the Yale Schoo l of Architecture, New Haven, Connecticut. Zaha received many international awards and she was the first women who won the Pritzker Architecture Prize, architectures equivalent of the Nobel Prize. Zaha has done many popular projects all over the world. Good examples of her works are; London aquatics center, regium waterfront, civil courts for Madrid, etc. Talking briefly about these projects; London aquatics center located in London. It has a waved roof, which makes this building special. Regium waterfront is a museum located in Italy. She has also designed residential buildings. The dancing towers in Dubai are a good example of this type of building. Zaha Hadid has created her own path in architecture by using several appearances of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer to show the state of extreme confusion and disorder of the modern life. In Zaha Hadid architecture and design (2007) described Zaha Hadids philosophy. Zaha Hadids strength is her curse and her blessing. A curse because strong character can make clients run for the hills. A curse because stiff character can make clients run for the hills. Hadid had her own ideas on architecture to nurture and it was a long incubation. She created her own company neo-modernist architecture. Zaha Hadids philosophy in architecture takes after accommodating, designing a landscape which can be called baroque modernism. Zaha Hadid damages both the classically formal, rule bound modernism of Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier and the old rules of space walls, ceilings, front and back, right angles. She then reassembles them as what she calls a new fluid, kind of spatiality of multiple perspective points and fragmented geometry, designed to embody the chaotic fluidity of modern life. She reassembles them as a new fluid, kind of spatiality of multiple perspective points and fragmented geometry, designed to embody the chaotic fluidity of modern life. Her architecture denies its own solidness. She defines the solid apparatus to make people comprehend place. She speaks about theory and she wears her cultural identity.

Yeast and Fermentation

Dinah Gibson Ms. Lunsford Honors Chemistry 12/6/2011 Abstract Yeast is widely used for making bread, beer, and wine. People all over the world drink and eat those products. This projects looks at which fruit juice with a higher percentage of sugar will produce more fermentation. The original purpose of this experiment was to determine the amount of fermentation of 3 different fruit juices after adding a certain amount of yeast. By measuring the type of fruit juice (independent variable) the amount of fermentation as shown by the reduction of sugar (dependent variable). My hypothesis my hypothesis is that the fruit juice with a higher percentage of sugar will produce more fermentation. The experimental results supported my hypothesis by showing that the results indicate that this hypothesis should be accepted, because the orange juice, which had the highest sugar content, produced the most fermentation. Because of the results of this experiment, I wonder if using more yeast would produce more fermentation or if using another type of juice with two of them mixed together like the cranberry-grape juice, would produce less fermentation. The Effect of Yeast on Different Fruit Juices Question: what’s the effect of different juice on yeast? Variable: The manipulated variable was the type of fruit juice. The responding variable was the amount of fermentation as shown by the reduction of sugar. Hypothesis: That the fruit juice with a higher percentage of sugar will produce more fermentation. Research Report Introduction Fermentation has been around for a very long time. People have used it for making bread, beer, wine and other products. There have been scientists and chemists who have discovered new things about fermentation. There are many types of fermentation including fermentation of fruit juices, malted grain and other sugars. Fermentation Fermentation is a chemical process that breaks down organic matter. Microbes like bacteria carry out this process. Mold and yeast act upon molasses and mineral salts to create penicillin. Yeast breaks down sugar taken from malted grain and turns it into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide gas to make beer. French Scientist Louis Pasteur discovered that microbes ferment beer and wine. Fermentation is also used to make bread, cheese and yogurt. Sometimes fermentation can be unhealthy; for example milk that has been fermented turns sour. There are 1900 other types of fermentation found. Fermentation is also used to make certain drugs, vitamins and some chemicals. Fungi Fungi are organisms that lack chlorophyll, the green matter that plants use to make their food. Fungi cannot make their own food, instead they absorb it from around them. According to mycologists there are over 100,000 species of fungi. Yeasts and other one-celled fungi are too small to be seen without a microscope. Most types can be seen with the unaided eye. Some of the most common fungi are mildews, molds, mushrooms and plant rusts. Fungi break down complex animal and plant materials into simple compounds. This process of decomposition enriches the soil and makes essential substances available to pants in a form they can use. Through decomposition, fungi also return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, where green plants reuse it to make food. Yeast Yeast is a single celled organism. Yeast is a fungus that exists almost everywhere in nature, including the air. Bakers use yeast to make bread rise. Yeast is used for making beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages. It consists of masses of microscopic organisms. There are 600 species of yeast, but only a few are used commercially. Yeast grows fast, and it grows best in sugar. Yeast cells reproduce by fission and budding. Bud swelling forms on a yeast cell wall, and then it breaks off to form a new single cell. In the early times yeast was used for bread, beer, wine and other products. In the 1600’s Dutch Scientist Anton Van Leeuwenhoek discovered yeast cells. In 1860 French Scientist Louis Pasteur confirmed that live yeast organisms cause fermentation of beer and wine. How Yeast Is Used Since yeast fungi lack chlorophyll, yeast relies on other plants to supply their food. They eat sugar from sources like fruit, grain, nectar and molasses. Yeast cells produce a chemical called enzymes and ferments that break down their food. Some yeast break down sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide gas, this process is called fermentation. Bakers yeast is used as a leavening, a substance that makes bread rise. Sugar is needed for fermentation. Bakers may add sugar to the dough to hasten fermentation. Yeast breaks down sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide gas. A substance in the dough called gluten traps the bubbles from the gas. As the gas bubbles expand, the gluten stretches causing the bread to rise. The alcohol produced by fermentation evaporates when the bread is baking. When being baked, the bread yeast is destroyed. Yeast used in wine acts on the sugar in grapes and other fruits to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide gas through fermentation. Most wines allow the gas to escape into the air. In some champagnes and sparkly wines the gas remains to provide the drink’s natural bubbles. Brewers yeast cannot act directly on the grain used for beer, so brewers convert the starch in the grain into sugar by means of a process called malting. Yeast is then added to convert the sugar into alcohol. The gas formed during fermentation is pumped off the beer and then added again to carbonate it. Yeast is also used for the production of a dietary supplement called single cell protein. Yeast produces large amounts of particular vitamins and is used in the commercial production of vitamins. Yeast used in brewing can absorb and store vitamins from their food. People eat these yeasts as vitamin supplements. Certain yeast fungus can produce large amounts of useful substances such as fat, glycerol, industrial alcohol and various enzymes. The yeast is used in the commercial production of these substances. How Yeast Is Made Before the commercial production of yeast in the 1890’s, yeast fungi from the air leavened the bread that people baked. Homemakers prepared dough and left it uncovered and yeasts landed on it and began the fermentation process. Later excess yeast from the beer and winemaking industries was used in bread making. This yeast is called barm. When bakers yeast first became an industry, manufacturers grew yeast fungi on malted grain. Today bakers yeast is produced on molasses, which consists mostly of sugar. Bakers yeast is manufactured in two forms, dried grains and moist cakes. Cakes of yeast are made up of live, active cells. Yeast cells in dried grains are live but not active. Dried yeast must be mixed with warm water before yeast fungi can grow. Yeast cakes must be refrigerated, but they spoil after about six weeks. Dried yeast doesn’t need to be refrigerated but it will last longer. Sugar Green plants produce sugar, but most table sugar comes from sugar cane or beets. Other sources of sugar are cornstarch, milk, maple syrup and honey. Sugar belongs to the class of foods called carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy for plants and animals. There are two kinds of sugar monosaccharaides and disaccharides. Monosaccharaides are the simplest carbohydrates, include glucose and fructose. Glucose is the most important carbohydrate in the blood. Fructose is found in fruits and vegetables. Common disaccharides include lactose and maltose. Lactose is found in milk and is used in the production of some medications. Maltose is formed from starch and it is used in the production of bread and baby food. Summary There are many different things needed for fermentation including, yeast, fruit juice or malted grain, and sugar. Fermentation produces many products like bread, cheese, yogurt, wine and beer. One unhealthy product of fermentation is fermented milk. Material list: 16 transparent containers 12g Yeast 25000ml Orange juice 1250ml Apple juice 1250ml Cranberry-grape juice 1 Cylinder 1 Gram scale 1 Thermometer PROCEDURES 1. Gather materials. 2. Label four containers OJ control 1, 2, 3 and 4. 3. Label four containers as oj1, oj2, oj3, and oj4. 4. Label four containers as ap1, ap2, ap3, and ap4. 5. Label four containers as cgr1, cgr2, cgr3, and cgr4. 6. Add 250ml of orange juice to each of the containers labeled OJ control 1, 2, 3 and 4. . Add 250ml of orange juice to each of the containers labeled OJ 1, 2, 3 and 4. 8. Add 250ml of apple juice to each of the containers labeled AP 1, 2, 3 and 4. 9. Add 250ml of cranberry-grape juice to each of the containers labeled cgr 1, 2,3and4. 10. Measure the sugar in each of the juices before adding the yeast, record results. 11. Add one gram of yeast to each of th e containers labeled OJ 1, 2, 3, and 4. 12. Add one gram of yeast to each of the containers labeled AP 1, 2, 3, and4. 13. Add one gram of yeast to each of the containers labeled cgr 1, 2, 3, and4. 14. Allow the juice to ferment for 72 hours. 15. Use the brix meter to measure the sugar after the fermentation process, record results. 16. Subtract first measurement from the second measurement, record results 17. Compare which fruit juice produced the most fermentation, record results. Data In this graph you can see the amount of sugar in each group for all three trials. It shows that the orange juice and control group contained the most sugar. In this graph you can see the amount of sugar that each group had after fermentation. This shows that all the groups except the control group, lost a lot of sugar. In this graph you can see how much sugar each group lost. It shows that the orange juice contained the most sugar (meaning it produced the most fermentation). Conclusion My hypothesis was that fruit juices with a higher percentage of sugar would produce more fermentation: The results indicate that this hypothesis should be accepted, because the orange juice, which had the highest sugar content, produced the most fermentation. Because of the results of this experiment, I wonder if using more yeast would produce more fermentation or if using another type of juice with two of them mixed together like the cranberry-grape juice, would produce less fermentation. My findings should be useful to wineries because I found that the juices I used produced a large amount of fermentation therefore might make good wine. If I were to conduct this project again I would do more trials, do a replication of the entire experiment, use more varieties of juices and use a better method of measurement. Bibliography â€Å"Fermentation. † Utah State University: Intermountain Herbarium. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"Yeast Fermentation. † NEWTON, Ask a Scientist at Argonne National Labs! Web. 27 Oct. 2011. lt;http://www. newton. dep. anl. gov/askasci/mole00/mole00195. htm>. Katz, Sandor Ellix. Wild Fermentation: the Flavor, Nutrition, and Craft of Live-culture Foods. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. , 2003. Print. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people. Without their help, my project would not have been possible: My mom for getting all of my materials needed and helping me with the broad design. My Honors Chemistry Teach er (Ms. Lunsfords) for helping me understand the concept of fermentation. My Aunt for getting me a Brix Meter from her job.

The Devil and Tom Walker

â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† was an Early Romanticism written by Washington Irving. Irving was a reluctant lawyer who preferred writing and is now mostly known for â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hallow†. Irving was the first American to achieve international reputation. In 1815 Irving traveled through Europe, remaining there for 17 years. Although when â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† was first published in 1824 it was not well received and even caused Irving to stop writing fiction all together, today it is considered an illustrious Early Romantic.Irving retuned to America in 1832 to live with his brother. Irving died at the age of 76 and was buried near the haunting ground of his famous horseman-in New York’s Sleepy Hallow Cemetery. Elements of Romanticism pervade all of Irving’s writings. His love of scenes of nature, his sense of wonder, and his optimism all show through, even in his early work; these elements became progressively more pronounced as the freedom of expression which that era had fostered took root. Ultimately, Irving’s work has come to be viewed as emblematic of the Romantic era.Romanticism did not always end with a happy ending. In fact, the originals of the romanticism stories were about the evil of human nature. The work of early American writers like Irving show the influence of European Romanticism. ?Washington Irving would use an emphasis on nature, the supernatural, and superstitions in his stories. â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† pictures nature as mysterious. Tom walked through a swamp that was so thick that when it was noon it would still be very dark. At times, water logs would look like alligators floating in the water.The supernatural area also played an essential role in the story. The devil, being the supernatural being, seemed to have the ability to trade riches for a person's soul. Tom, having sold his soul, wanted to outsmart the devil by recruiting the help of another supernatu ral power, God, by carrying a bible. Greed is one of the most important themes of â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† Tom is approached by Old Scratch and offered wealth beyond his wildest dreams. Initially, Tom is so greedy that he declines because he would have to share the fortune with his wife.Eventually, however, Tom is duped by the false kindness of Old Scratch and blinded by his own greed. As Irving writes, Tom â€Å"was not a man to stick at trifles when money was in view. † Once established as a moneylender in Boston, Tom is described ironically as a â€Å"universal friend of the needy,† even though â€Å"In proportion to the distress of the applicant was the hardness of his terms. † Though he becomes wealthy, Tom still remains stingy: he refuses to furnish his mansion or feed his horses properly.Still, he denies his greed. When accused by a customer of taking advantage of his misfortune, Tom answers â€Å"The devil take me if I have made a farthing ! † Of course, immediately Old Scratch appears at the door. Irving’s moral is clear: â€Å"Such was the end of Tom Walker and his ill-gotten wealth. Let all griping money-brokers lay this story to heart. † In conclusion, â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker†, by Washington Irving portrays a man set in New England in the 1720’s who allowed greed and selfishness to control him.Tom Walker, protagonist of the story, pledged both himself and his morals to the devil for the sake of riches and wealth. A landslide of deceit swept the main character into the pit of emptiness, selfishness, and greed. Disappointment haunted Tom in the end. The end resulted in complete moral decadence as selfishness consumed him. These unattractive traits took time to develop before really injuring Tom. In this story Irving not only gives you an entertaining story but also gives you lesson on greediness.